• • •, in, refer to a funding gap period that causes a full or partial shutdown of federal and agencies. They are caused when there is a failure to pass a to finance the government for its next fiscal year and/or a temporary funding measure, and primarily occurs when there is a disagreement over a proposed spending bill within the United States government. Igri dlya kitajskogo psp mp5. Ever since a 1980 interpretation of the 1884, a “lapse of appropriation” due to a political impasse on proposed appropriation bills requires that the US federal government curtail agency activities and services, close down non-essential operations, non-essential workers, and only retain essential employees in departments covering the safety of human life and/or protection of property. Voluntary services in these respective essential areas may only be accepted during emergencies. As of 9 March 2019, since the enactment of the US government's current budget and appropriations process in 1976, there have been a total of 22 funding gaps in the federal budget, of which 10 of these have led to federal employees being furloughed; shutdowns are also possible at occurring within and disrupting state, territorial, and local levels of government.

Prior to 1980, funding gaps did not always lead to full or partial government shutdowns, until Attorney General issued his legal opinion on funding gaps in accordance with the Antideficiency Act, which defined his interpretation of what federal agencies should do during funding gaps until the enactment of an appropriation bill and what exceptions were allowed during this period. Since 1981, the practice has been to shut down the government when a funding gap occurs, though not all funding gaps since Civiletti's opinions have contributed to a shutdown - for example, a that occurred for nine hours on 9 February 2018 did not result in a shutdown of the government. Some of the most significant shutdowns in US history have included: three major shutdowns in the 1980s during the Presidential term of over opposition to proposal against his political beliefs; the during the Presidential term of over opposition to major spending cuts; the during the Presidential term of caused by an argument between Democrats and Republicans over measures concerning the; and the during the Presidential term of, the longest shutdown in US history, caused by a refusal from Democrats to approve funding a new US–Mexico border wall. The effect of shutdowns include the disruption of government services and programmes, the closure of national parks and institutions (in particular, due to shortages of federal employees), the loss of revenue within specific sectors such as government contracts, a significant reduction in economic growth (depending on the length of the shutdown), and costing the government millions to compensate for lost labour and the eventual restarting of federal operations. During the 2013 shutdown,, the financial ratings agency, stated on October 16 that the shutdown had 'to date taken $24 billion out of the economy', and 'shaved at least 0.6 percent off annualized fourth-quarter 2013 GDP growth'. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Overview [ ] Under the created by the, the appropriation and control of government funds for the United States is the of the. Congress begins this process through proposing an aimed at determining the levels of spending for each federal department and government program.